Japan: The firm's main bank relations are characterized as follows:

- The main bank is typically the largest or one of the largest providers of loans and makes avialable on a preferential basis long-term and comprehensive financial services covering deposits, discounting of notes, foreign exchange transactions, advice in financial planning, agents on other loans, etc.

- Cross-shareholdings and interlocking directorships result in info sharing through official and personal contacts

- The rescue of a client firm is attempted when it is targeted in a hostile take-over bid.

- Direct intervention in the turnaround process occurs in case the borrower company faces serious financial distress

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